HYDRAULIC
JUMP
A hydraulic jump is a
phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open
channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When liquid at high velocity discharges
into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid
surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height,
converting some of the flow's initial kinetic energy into an increase in
potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost through turbulence to
heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast flow rapidly slowing
and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shockwave forms. The phenomenon
is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid is
below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For initial flow speeds
which are not significantly above the critical speed, the transition appears as
an undulating wave. As the initial flow speed increases further, the transition
becomes more abrupt, until at high enough speeds, the transition front will
break and curl back upon itself. When this happens, the jump can be accompanied
by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment, and surface undulations, or
waves.The tidal bore – a wall or undulating wave of water moves upstream against water flowing downstream. If one considers a frame of reference which moves along with the wave front, then the wave front is stationary relative to the frame and has the same essential behavior as the stationary jump.
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